En resumen
- El cáncer de mama se estadifica según la clasificación TNM: T — tumor, N — ganglios linfáticos, M — metástasis
- La clasificación TNM detallada — una descripción precisa del tamaño del tumor, los ganglios linfáticos y las metástasis
- El grado del cáncer indica la rapidez con la que el tumor crece y se disemina
El estadio del cáncer de mama se determina mediante la clasificación TNM: T – tumor, N – ganglios linfáticos, M – metástasis. La clasificación TNM detallada ofrece una descripción precisa del tamaño del tumor, la afectación de los ganglios linfáticos y las metástasis, mientras que el grado de malignidad (Grado) indica la rapidez con la que el tumor crece y se disemina.
T — tumor primario
- Tis: carcinoma in situ — un estado precanceroso (CDIS o enfermedad de Paget sin tumor).
- T1: tumor de hasta 2 cm en su dimensión mayor (con subdivisiones: T1mi microinvasión ≤0.1 cm; T1a 0.1–0.5 cm; T1b 0.5–1.0 cm; T1c 1–2 cm).
- T2: tumor de 2 a 5 cm en su dimensión mayor.
- T3: tumor mayor de 5 cm.
- T4: tumor de cualquier tamaño que ha infiltrado directamente la pared torácica o la piel — incluyendo infiltración de la pared torácica (costillas, músculos), edema cutáneo (signo de "piel de naranja") o ulceración, nódulos cutáneos satélites en la misma mama o carcinoma inflamatorio.
N — metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos regionales
- N0: sin metástasis en los ganglios linfáticos regionales.
- N1: metástasis móviles en ganglio(s) linfático(s) axilar(es) del mismo lado.
- N2: metástasis en ganglios axilares del mismo lado fijos entre sí o a otras estructuras, o ganglios mamarios internos clínicamente detectados sin afectación axilar.
- N3: metástasis en ganglios mamarios internos y axilares del mismo lado, ganglios infraclaviculares o supraclaviculares (N3a ganglios internos; N3b internos más axilares; N3c supraclaviculares).
M — metástasis a distancia
M0: sin metástasis a distancia. M1: presencia de metástasis a distancia (por ejemplo, en los pulmones, el hígado, los huesos o el cerebro).
¿Qué es el grado de malignidad del cáncer (Grado)?
El grado indica cuán anormales se ven las células cancerosas y la probabilidad de que el tumor crezca y se disemine rápidamente. G1: bien diferenciado — las células tienen un aspecto relativamente normal y crecen lentamente. G2: moderadamente diferenciado. G3: poco diferenciado — las células tienen un aspecto muy anormal y tienden a crecer y diseminarse más rápido.
Suplemento relacionado
La quimioterapia suprime la inmunidad. Se estudian los polisacáridos concentrados de hongos para la activación de las células NK y los macrófagos.
Lentinan AXT de Zenius Labs™ →Preguntas frecuentes
¿Cómo se estadifica el cáncer de mama?
Mediante la clasificación TNM: T (tamaño del tumor), N (ganglios linfáticos regionales), M (metástasis a distancia). La T va de Tis (in situ) a T1–T4; la N de N0 a N3; M0 o M1. Estos se combinan en los estadios 0–4.
¿Qué significa el grado del cáncer de mama?
El grado indica cuán anormales se ven las células y la probabilidad de que el tumor crezca rápidamente: G1 (bien diferenciado, lento), G2 (moderado), G3 (poco diferenciado, de crecimiento más rápido). El grado se utiliza junto con el estado de los receptores hormonales y de HER2.
¿Qué es el carcinoma in situ?
El carcinoma in situ (Tis) es un estado precanceroso — como el CDIS (carcinoma ductal in situ) o la enfermedad de Paget sin un tumor invasivo — en el que las células anormales aún no se han diseminado al tejido circundante.
¿Se puede apoyar al sistema inmunitario durante el cáncer de mama?
Sí. La quimioterapia suprime el sistema inmunitario. Se estudian los extractos concentrados de polisacáridos de hongos por su papel en la activación de las células NK y los macrófagos. Es preferible una fórmula multiextracto concentrada como Lentinan AXT de Zenius Labs™.
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