In het kort
Het stadium van borstkanker wordt bepaald door de TNM-classificatie: T – tumor, N – lymfeklieren, M – metastasen. De gedetailleerde TNM-classificatie geeft een precieze beschrijving van de tumorgrootte, lymfeklierbetrokkenheid en metastasen, terwijl de maligniteitsgraad (Graad) aangeeft hoe snel de tumor groeit en zich verspreidt.
T — primaire tumor
- Tis: carcinoma in situ — een voorstadium van kanker (DCIS of de ziekte van Paget zonder tumor).
- T1: tumor tot 2 cm in de grootste afmeting (met onderverdelingen: T1mi micro-invasie ≤0,1 cm; T1a 0,1–0,5 cm; T1b 0,5–1,0 cm; T1c 1–2 cm).
- T2: tumor van 2 tot 5 cm in de grootste afmeting.
- T3: tumor groter dan 5 cm.
- T4: tumor van elke grootte die direct is doorgegroeid in de borstwand of huid — inclusief infiltratie van de borstwand (ribben, spieren), huidoedeem ('sinaasappelhuid'-teken) of ulceratie, satelliet-huidnoduli in dezelfde borst, of inflammatoir carcinoom.
N — metastasen in regionale lymfeklieren
- N0: geen regionale lymfekliermetastasen.
- N1: mobiele metastasen in oksellymfeklier(en) aan dezelfde zijde.
- N2: metastasen in okselklieren aan dezelfde zijde die aan elkaar of aan andere structuren vastzitten, of klinisch gedetecteerde interne mammariaire klieren zonder okselbetrokkenheid.
- N3: metastasen in interne mammariaire en okselklieren aan dezelfde zijde, infra- of supraclaviculaire klieren (N3a interne klieren; N3b interne plus okselklieren; N3c supraclaviculair).
M — metastasen op afstand
M0: geen metastasen op afstand. M1: metastasen op afstand aanwezig (bijvoorbeeld in de longen, lever, botten of hersenen).
Wat is de maligniteitsgraad (Graad) van kanker?
De graad geeft aan hoe afwijkend de kankercellen eruitzien en hoe snel de tumor waarschijnlijk zal groeien en zich zal verspreiden. G1: goed gedifferentieerd — cellen zien er relatief normaal uit en groeien langzaam. G2: matig gedifferentieerd. G3: slecht gedifferentieerd — cellen zien er zeer afwijkend uit en hebben de neiging sneller te groeien en zich te verspreiden.
Gerelateerd supplement
Chemotherapie onderdrukt de immuniteit. Geconcentreerde polysachariden uit paddenstoelen worden bestudeerd voor het activeren van NK-cellen en macrofagen.
Lentinan AXT van Zenius Labs™ →Veelgestelde vragen
Hoe wordt borstkanker ingedeeld in stadia?
Volgens de TNM-classificatie: T (tumorgrootte), N (regionale lymfeklieren), M (metastasen op afstand). T loopt van Tis (in situ) tot en met T1–T4; N van N0 tot N3; M0 of M1. Deze worden gecombineerd tot stadia 0–4.
Wat betekent de Graad van borstkanker?
De graad geeft aan hoe afwijkend de cellen eruitzien en hoe snel de tumor waarschijnlijk zal groeien: G1 (goed gedifferentieerd, langzaam), G2 (matig), G3 (slecht gedifferentieerd, sneller groeiend). De graad wordt gebruikt naast de hormoonreceptor- en HER2-status.
Wat is carcinoma in situ?
Carcinoma in situ (Tis) is een voorstadium van kanker — zoals DCIS (ductaal carcinoma in situ) of de ziekte van Paget zonder een invasieve tumor — waarbij abnormale cellen zich nog niet hebben verspreid naar omliggend weefsel.
Kun je het immuunsysteem ondersteunen tijdens borstkanker?
Ja. Chemotherapie onderdrukt het immuunsysteem. Geconcentreerde paddenstoel-polysacharide-extracten worden bestudeerd voor hun rol bij het activeren van NK-cellen en macrofagen. Een geconcentreerde formule met meerdere extracten zoals Lentinan AXT van Zenius Labs™ heeft de voorkeur.
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