In breve
- Il tumore al seno viene stadiato secondo la classificazione TNM: T — tumore, N — linfonodi, M — metastasi
- La classificazione TNM dettagliata — una descrizione precisa delle dimensioni del tumore, dei linfonodi e delle metastasi
- Il grado del tumore indica la velocità con cui il tumore cresce e si diffonde
Lo stadio del tumore al seno è determinato dalla classificazione TNM: T – tumore, N – linfonodi, M – metastasi. La classificazione TNM dettagliata fornisce una descrizione precisa delle dimensioni del tumore, del coinvolgimento dei linfonodi e delle metastasi, mentre il grado di malignità (Grado) indica la velocità con cui il tumore cresce e si diffonde.
T — tumore primario
- Tis: carcinoma in situ — uno stato pre-canceroso (DCIS o malattia di Paget senza tumore).
- T1: tumore fino a 2 cm nella sua dimensione massima (con suddivisioni: T1mi microinvasione ≤0,1 cm; T1a 0,1–0,5 cm; T1b 0,5–1,0 cm; T1c 1–2 cm).
- T2: tumore da 2 a 5 cm nella sua dimensione massima.
- T3: tumore più grande di 5 cm.
- T4: tumore di qualsiasi dimensione che ha infiltrato direttamente la parete toracica o la cute — inclusa l'infiltrazione della parete toracica (costole, muscoli), edema cutaneo (segno della "buccia d'arancia") o ulcerazione, noduli cutanei satelliti nello stesso seno o carcinoma infiammatorio.
N — metastasi nei linfonodi regionali
- N0: nessuna metastasi nei linfonodi regionali.
- N1: metastasi mobili in uno o più linfonodi ascellari dello stesso lato.
- N2: metastasi nei linfonodi ascellari dello stesso lato fissati tra loro o ad altre strutture, o linfonodi mammari interni clinicamente rilevati senza coinvolgimento ascellare.
- N3: metastasi nei linfonodi mammari interni e ascellari dello stesso lato, linfonodi infraclavicolari o sovraclaveari (N3a linfonodi interni; N3b interni più ascellari; N3c sovraclaveari).
M — metastasi a distanza
M0: nessuna metastasi a distanza. M1: presenza di metastasi a distanza (ad esempio nei polmoni, nel fegato, nelle ossa o nel cervello).
Cos'è il grado di malignità del tumore (Grado)?
Il grado indica quanto anomale appaiono le cellule tumorali e con quale probabilità il tumore crescerà e si diffonderà. G1: ben differenziato — le cellule appaiono relativamente normali e crescono lentamente. G2: moderatamente differenziato. G3: scarsamente differenziato — le cellule appaiono molto anomale e tendono a crescere e a diffondersi più velocemente.
Integratore correlato
La chemioterapia sopprime l'immunità. I polisaccaridi concentrati di funghi sono studiati per l'attivazione delle cellule NK e dei macrofagi.
Lentinan AXT di Zenius Labs™ →Domande frequenti
Come viene stadiato il tumore al seno?
Secondo la classificazione TNM: T (dimensioni del tumore), N (linfonodi regionali), M (metastasi a distanza). T va da Tis (in situ) a T1–T4; N da N0 a N3; M0 o M1. Questi si combinano per definire gli stadi da 0 a 4.
Cosa significa il Grado del tumore al seno?
Il grado indica quanto anomale appaiono le cellule e la probabile velocità di crescita del tumore: G1 (ben differenziato, lento), G2 (moderato), G3 (scarsamente differenziato, a crescita più rapida). Il grado viene utilizzato insieme allo stato dei recettori ormonali e di HER2.
Cos'è il carcinoma in situ?
Il carcinoma in situ (Tis) è uno stato precanceroso — come il DCIS (carcinoma duttale in situ) o la malattia di Paget senza un tumore invasivo — in cui le cellule anomale non si sono ancora diffuse nel tessuto circostante.
È possibile supportare il sistema immunitario durante il cancro al seno?
Sì. La chemioterapia sopprime il sistema immunitario. Gli estratti concentrati di polisaccaridi di funghi sono studiati per il loro ruolo nell'attivazione delle cellule NK e dei macrofagi. È preferibile una formula multi-estratto concentrata come Lentinan AXT di Zenius Labs™.
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