Home›Kanker›Stadium 4 alvleesklierkanker
In het kort

Wat betekent stadium 4 alvleesklierkanker?

Gevorderde alvleeskliertumor met uitzaaiing naar omliggend weefsel

Stadium 4 alvleesklierkanker, medisch ook wel ziekte op afstand genoemd, betekent dat kankercellen zich ver van de primaire tumor in de alvleesklier hebben verplaatst en zich in andere organen hebben gevestigd — meestal de lever, longen of het buikvlies. Dit is de laatste fase van de ziekte, waarin het doel van de behandeling meestal verschuift van volledige genezing naar palliatieve zorg — gericht op het beheersen van symptomen, het stoppen van de groei van de kanker en het verbeteren van de levenskwaliteit.

Statistieken en diagnose

Volgens de laatste SEER-gegevens (2015–2021) is stadium 4 het meest gediagnosticeerde stadium van alvleesklierkanker: 51% van de patiënten krijgt pas in dit stadium de diagnose te horen. Mogelijke behandeling: u kunt chemotherapie voorgeschreven krijgen om de groei van de kanker te vertragen, en een behandeling om de symptomen te verminderen. Alvleesklierkanker kan ook inoperabel zijn.

Waarom is stadium 4 zo verraderlijk?

De belangrijkste reden dat 51% van de gevallen pas in een laat stadium wordt ontdekt, is de afwezigheid van symptomen. De alvleesklier ligt diep in de buikholte, dus de tumor moet groot genoeg worden — of de galwegen samendrukken — voordat de eerste tekenen verschijnen (zoals geelzucht of rugpijn).

Het belang van de G-graad in stadium 4

Hoewel de kanker al is uitgezaaid, wordt de "agressiviteit" ervan nog steeds bepaald door de kwaadaardigheid van de cellen (de G-graad):

Kunnen medicinale paddenstoelen helpen?

Behandeling, met name chemotherapie, put het lichaam sterk uit. Medicinale paddenstoelen worden onderzocht als een manier om de immuunrespons te versterken en de levenskwaliteit tijdens de behandeling te verbeteren. Geconcentreerde formules met paddenstoel-polysachariden, ondersteund door klinisch onderzoek, zijn ontworpen om het immuunsysteem te ondersteunen tijdens een oncologische ziekte.

Gerelateerd supplement

Chemotherapie put het lichaam zwaar uit. Geconcentreerde paddenstoel-polysachariden worden onderzocht voor het versterken van de immuunrespons en het verbeteren van de levenskwaliteit tijdens de behandeling.

Lentinan AXT van Zenius Labs™ →

Veelgestelde vragen

Wat betekent stadium 4 alvleesklierkanker?

Stadium 4 (ziekte op afstand) betekent dat kankercellen zich ver van de alvleesklier hebben verspreid naar andere organen — meestal de lever, longen of het buikvlies. De behandeling verschuift meestal van genezing naar palliatieve zorg: het beheersen van symptomen, het vertragen van de groei en het verbeteren van de levenskwaliteit.

Hoe vaak komt een diagnose in stadium 4 voor?

Volgens SEER-gegevens (2015–2021) is stadium 4 het meest gediagnosticeerde stadium — 51% van de patiënten krijgt pas in dit stadium de diagnose te horen, grotendeels omdat de alvleesklier diep in de buik ligt en symptomen laat verschijnen.

Is de G-graad van belang in stadium 4?

Ja. Zelfs wanneer de kanker is uitgezaaid, wordt de agressiviteit ingedeeld naar de kwaadaardigheid van de cellen: G1–G2-cellen delen langzamer en reageren mogelijk beter op chemotherapie, terwijl G3 (slecht gedifferentieerd) het meest agressief is en zich snel verspreidt.

Kan immuunondersteuning helpen in stadium 4?

De behandeling put het lichaam zwaar uit. Geconcentreerde formules met paddenstoel-polysachariden, zoals Lentinan AXT van Zenius Labs™, worden onderzocht voor het versterken van de immuunrespons en het verbeteren van de levenskwaliteit tijdens de behandeling.

Referenties
  1. Impact of first-line FOLFIRINOX versus Gemcitabine/Nab-Paclitaxel chemotherapy on survival in advanced pancreatic cancer. PubMed
  2. Efficacy of oral administered superfine dispersed lentinan for advanced pancreatic cancer. PubMed
  3. Capula M et al. Role of drug catabolism, modulation of oncogenic signaling and tumor microenvironment in microbe-mediated pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. Drug resistance updates : reviews and commentaries in antimicrobial and anticancer chemotherapy. 2022. PubMed
  4. Kim G nab-Paclitaxel for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Cancer management and research. 2017. PubMed
  5. Zhang Y et al. Immune Therapy in Pancreatic Cancer: Now and the Future?. Reviews on recent clinical trials. 2015. PubMed
  1. Das S et al. Harnessing the Immune System in Pancreatic Cancer. Current treatment options in oncology. 2018. PubMed
  2. Carpenter ES et al. Targeting the Microenvironment to Overcome Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer. Cancer research. 2020. PubMed
  3. Tang M et al. Can intracellular drug delivery using hyaluronic acid functionalised pH-sensitive liposomes overcome gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer?. Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society. 2019. PubMed
  4. Zheng R et al. Saikosaponin D overcomes gemcitabine resistance in pancreatic cancer via AKT/mTOR pathway inhibition and synergistic induction of apoptosis and autophagy. Oncology reports. 2026. PubMed
  5. Jiang S et al. Macrophage-organoid co-culture model for identifying treatment strategies against macrophage-related gemcitabine resistance. Journal of experimental & clinical cancer research : CR. 2023. PubMed
  6. Goetze TO et al. Adjuvant Gemcitabine Versus Neoadjuvant/Adjuvant FOLFIRINOX in Resectable Pancreatic Cancer: The Randomized Multicenter Phase II NEPAFOX Trial. Annals of surgical oncology. 2024. PubMed
  7. Byrne JD et al. Impact of formulation on the iontophoretic delivery of the FOLFIRINOX regimen for the treatment of pancreatic cancer. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 2018. PubMed
  8. Nywening TM et al. Targeting tumour-associated macrophages with CCR2 inhibition in combination with FOLFIRINOX in patients with borderline resectable and locally advanced pancreatic cancer: a single-centre, open-label, dose-finding, non-randomised, phase 1b trial. The Lancet. Oncology. 2016. PubMed
  9. Tran NH et al. Phase 2 Trial of Neoadjuvant FOLFIRINOX and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy Concurrent With Fixed-Dose Rate-Gemcitabine in Patients With Borderline Resectable Pancreatic Cancer. International journal of radiation oncology, biology, physics. 2020. PubMed
  10. Lee JH et al. Lithium Chloride Protects against Sepsis-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy and Cancer Cachexia. Cells. 2021. PubMed
  11. Zhang Y et al. Sophocarpine and matrine inhibit the production of TNF-alpha and IL-6 in murine macrophages and prevent cachexia-related symptoms induced by colon26 adenocarcinoma in mice. International immunopharmacology. 2008. PubMed
  12. Yu X et al. Astaxanthin Ameliorates Skeletal Muscle Atrophy in Mice With Cancer Cachexia. Nutrition and cancer. 2024. PubMed
  13. Bossi P et al. The Spectrum of Malnutrition/Cachexia/Sarcopenia in Oncology According to Different Cancer Types and Settings: A Narrative Review. Nutrients. 2021. PubMed
  14. Luo L et al. Reprogramming the pancreatic cancer stroma and immune landscape by a silicasome nanocarrier delivering nintedanib, a protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Nano today. 2024. PubMed
  15. Mortezaee K Enriched cancer stem cells, dense stroma, and cold immunity: Interrelated events in pancreatic cancer. Journal of biochemical and molecular toxicology. 2021. PubMed
  16. Liu X et al. Stromal reprogramming overcomes resistance to RAS-MAPK inhibition to improve pancreas cancer responses to cytotoxic and immune therapy. Science translational medicine. 2024. PubMed
  17. Datta J et al. Combined MEK and STAT3 Inhibition Uncovers Stromal Plasticity by Enriching for Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts With Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Like Features to Overcome Immunotherapy Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer. Gastroenterology. 2022. PubMed
  18. Lin HJ et al. Polarization of Cancer-Associated Macrophages Maneuver Neoplastic Attributes of Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers. 2023. PubMed
  19. Chandrakesan P et al. DCLK1-Isoform2 Alternative Splice Variant Promotes Pancreatic Tumor Immunosuppressive M2-Macrophage Polarization. Molecular cancer therapeutics. 2020. PubMed
  20. Liu Y et al. CTCF enhances pancreatic cancer progression via FLG-AS1-dependent epigenetic regulation and macrophage polarization. Cell death and differentiation. 2025. PubMed
  21. Zhou J et al. A novel role of TGFBI in macrophage polarization and macrophage-induced pancreatic cancer growth and therapeutic resistance. Cancer letters. 2023. PubMed
  22. Deng Y et al. Glucocorticoid receptor regulates PD-L1 and MHC-I in pancreatic cancer cells to promote immune evasion and immunotherapy resistance. Nature communications. 2021. PubMed
  23. Zhou W et al. Pancreatic cancer-targeting exosomes for enhancing immunotherapy and reprogramming tumor microenvironment. Biomaterials. 2021. PubMed
  24. Mukherji R et al. The Role of Immunotherapy in Pancreatic Cancer. Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.). 2022. PubMed
  25. Feng M et al. PD-1/PD-L1 and immunotherapy for pancreatic cancer. Cancer letters. 2017. PubMed
  26. Jolly G et al. Cholecystokinin Receptor Antagonist Induces Pancreatic Stellate Cell Plasticity Rendering the Tumor Microenvironment Less Oncogenic. Cancers. 2023. PubMed
  27. Bangolo AI et al. Impact of gut microbiome in the development and treatment of pancreatic cancer: Newer insights. World journal of gastroenterology. 2023. PubMed
  28. Halle-Smith JM et al. Pancreatic Exocrine Insufficiency and the Gut Microbiome in Pancreatic Cancer: A Target for Future Diagnostic Tests and Therapies?. Cancers. 2023. PubMed
  29. Li P et al. Current status and prospect of gut and oral microbiome in pancreatic cancer: Clinical and translational perspectives. Cancer letters. 2024. PubMed
  30. Park JS et al. Astaxanthin decreased oxidative stress and inflammation and enhanced immune response in humans. Nutrition & metabolism. 2010. PubMed
  31. Cheng J et al. The Promising Effects of Astaxanthin on Lung Diseases. Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.). 2021. PubMed
  32. Lee J et al. Anti-Oxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Astaxanthin on Gastrointestinal Diseases. International journal of molecular sciences. 2022. PubMed
  33. Wang T et al. Astaxanthin protected against the adverse effects induced by diesel exhaust particulate matter via improving membrane stability and anti-oxidative property. Journal of hazardous materials. 2023. PubMed
  34. Lu H et al. TLR2 agonist PSK activates human NK cells and enhances the antitumor effect of HER2-targeted monoclonal antibody therapy. Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research. 2011. PubMed
  35. Ooshiro M et al. [Ten cases of advanced gastro-intestinal cancer that required preoperative dosage of PSK]. Gan to kagaku ryoho. Cancer & chemotherapy. 2009. PubMed
  36. Maehara Y et al. Postoperative PSK and OK-432 immunochemotherapy for patients with gastric cancer. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology. 1993. PubMed
  37. Ito G et al. Correlation between efficacy of PSK postoperative adjuvant immunochemotherapy for gastric cancer and expression of MHC class I. Experimental and therapeutic medicine. 2012. PubMed
  38. Sun M et al. Lentinan reduces tumor progression by enhancing gemcitabine chemotherapy in urothelial bladder cancer. Surgical oncology. 2015. PubMed
  39. Zhang P et al. A carbon nanotube-gemcitabine-lentinan three-component composite for chemo-photothermal synergistic therapy of cancer. International journal of nanomedicine. 2018. PubMed
  40. Shimizu K et al. Efficacy of oral administered superfine dispersed lentinan for advanced pancreatic cancer. Hepato-gastroenterology. 2009. PubMed
  41. Wang Y et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of Injectable Lentinan combined with chemotherapy in the treatment of gastric cancer. Phytomedicine : international journal of phytotherapy and phytopharmacology. 2024. PubMed
  42. Geller AE et al. The induction of peripheral trained immunity in the pancreas incites anti-tumor activity to control pancreatic cancer progression. Nature communications. 2022. PubMed
  43. Fang J et al. Structure of a β-glucan from Grifola frondosa and its antitumor effect by activating Dectin-1/Syk/NF-κB signaling. Glycoconjugate journal. 2012. PubMed
  44. Zhang M et al. β-Glucan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae induces SBD-1 production in ovine ruminal epithelial cells via the Dectin-1-Syk-NF-κB signaling pathway. Cellular signalling. 2019. PubMed
  45. Gringhuis SI et al. Dectin-1 directs T helper cell differentiation by controlling noncanonical NF-kappaB activation through Raf-1 and Syk. Nature immunology. 2009. PubMed
  46. Wang H et al. Efficacy of biological response modifier lentinan with chemotherapy for advanced cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer medicine. 2017. PubMed
  47. Oba K et al. Efficacy of adjuvant immunochemotherapy with polysaccharide K for patients with curative resections of gastric cancer. Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII. 2007. PubMed
  48. Cheng SC et al. mTOR- and HIF-1α-mediated aerobic glycolysis as metabolic basis for trained immunity. Science (New York, N.Y.). 2014. PubMed
  49. Kidd P Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti-aging potential. Alternative medicine review : a journal of clinical therapeutic. 2011. PubMed